INTRODUCTION:

Nano particles have an enormous impact on society. Each nanoparticle will have a specific bio activity ¹. Synthesis of nanoparticles has many limitations like cost and generation of toxic chemicals²^,³. When compared to microparticles nanoparticles have greater surface area which leads to increased interactions with microbial cells⁴. Wavelength of nanoparticles is below the critical wavelength of light which causes them to be transparent. This property contributes to their wide application in cosmetics, coatings and packaging.

Selenium is a chemical element with atomic number 34. It is found as a pure compound or in its element state in the earth's crust. It acts as a pollutant. Selenium is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals because it is involved in the synthesis of main selenoproteins⁵^,⁶.

Selenium nanoparticles have unique biomedical applications like antioxidant activity antibacterial, antiviral to anticancer activity. Selenium nanoparticles are distinct with its high biological activity and low toxicity and cytotoxic property.

It exhibits reduced toxicity compared to different selenium species Previous studies have shown that selenium nanoparticles have a good antibacterial activity⁷^,⁸. Nanoparticles are used to reduce toxicity⁹. Selenium nanoparticles have a role to prevent bacterial growth¹⁰. Selenium nanoparticles are used in various oxidative stress, inflammation disorders like cancer, diabetes etc. and these selenium nanoparticles play a role in pharmacological protection against various inflammatory disorders⁶

Capparis decidua is a xerophytic shrub, found widely in western part of India and considered as a traditional medicine¹¹. Many diseases can be treated by using Capparis decidua. Study shows that it is a valuable medicinal plant¹² which is used to treat diabetic patients. It belongs to the family capparidaceae¹³^,¹⁴. This plant can be seen in desert and semi-desert areas. The seeds of these plants are used in making pickles¹⁵. The plant contains generous quantities of alkaloids¹⁶. Lactobacillus is a type of bacteria which is found in our intestine. It plays an important role in human health. Also it is used to treat lactose intolerance, Crohn’s disease. The bacteria cause reduction of gastrointestinal disease by increasing the benefit of microorganism’s growth and reducing pathogens. This study include that lactobacillus may not be effective in treating these conditions¹⁷

E.coli is a gram negative, facultative anaerobic, rod shaped bacteria which is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm blooded organisms. In most cases the infections are caused by contaminated food or water. It can also cause urinary tract infections. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps and diarrhoea ¹⁸. The aim of the present study was to assess the antibacterial activity of Selenium nanoparticle against E.coli and Lactobacillus species

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

1g of Capparis decidua fruit powder was mixed in 100ml of water and kept in a water bath for 1hour at 90 degree Celsius. After 1 hour, the extract was filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper and kept in a separate beaker for further use. 30ml of the prepared plant extract was mixed with 70ml of distilled water. 30ml of sodium selenite was prepared with 100ml of the solution and kept in a magnetic stirrer for nanoparticle synthesis. Selenium nanoparticles were synthesized from Capparis decidua fruit powder which was evident by a significant colour change in the cultivation medium. UV visible spectroscopy reading was taken in correct intervals. The synthesised Nanoparticles were purified by using centrifugation technique and checked for its antibacterial activity against Lactobacillus and E.coli.

Antibacterial activity was shown by inhibition zone which was characterized by a clear zone between the wells containing samples and a certain distance. Stock culture of lactobacillus species and E.coli and were prepared and maintained. They were examined for the evidence of a zone of inhibition. Diameter of the clear zone which appears around the walls was measured.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Nanoparticles extracted from Capparis decidua have good antibacterial activity against both lactobacillus species and E.coli. Table 1 shows the result of antibacterial activity of selenium nanoparticles against lact species and E.coli. Figure 1 Zone of inhibition with plant extract against Lactobacillus species. Figure 2 Antibacterial activity of selenium nanoparticle against Lactobacillus species and E.coli.

The zone of inhibition of lactobacillus for 50μL of the selenium nanoparticle was 10.3±1.5, for 100μL of selenium nanoparticle was 12.3mm±0.57, for 150μL of the selenium nanoparticle was 12.6mm±0.57, and for the positive control drug was 30mm+1 which is shown in (figure 2)

The zone of inhibition of E.coli for 50μL of the selenium nanoparticle was 15.3±0.5, for 100μL of the selenium nanoparticle was 17.6mm±1.15, for 150μL of the selenium nanoparticle was 17.6mm±1.15, and for the positive control drug was 34mm+0.5. The results showed that selenium nanoparticles are shown to have a better zone of inhibition against E.coli than Lactobacillus but it is not effective when compared to the zone of inhibition produced against antibiotics. Selenium nanoparticles extracted from Capparis decidua have antibacterial activity against lactobacillus species and E.coli.

The study shows that selenium nanoparticles obtained from Capparis decidua fruit has antibacterial properties against the microorganism tested. Hence it can be used as a medicine with a wide range of applications. Nanoparticles when used as an antimicrobial agent also have less side effects compared to other antimicrobial drugs. They are also more effective due to increased surface area which leads to increased interactions with microbes.

A study was done on selenium nanoparticles which are prepared by bioreduction of selenium through probiotics. And the results of this study showed that selenium nanoparticles were effective against microorganisms¹⁹. This is also similar to our present study which also showed good inhibition against E.coli and Lactobacillus sp. Another study done on selenium nanoparticles using some species of Lactobacillus also showed that it has antimicrobial activity²⁰.

The selenium nanoparticles extracted using Capparis decidua have shown a good zone of inhibition against lactobacillus and E.coli but the zone of inhibition was less compared to antibiotics. Accordance to the study by the author (Duhan et.al, 2016) to show different extracts of Capparis decidua stem against staphylococcus and reported that the ethanolic extract had maximum zone inhibition against staphylococcus ^20-24.

Previous studies have found that selenium nanoparticles synthesized using Lactobacillus has showed stronger antimicrobial activity²⁵ with the zone of inhibition between 4 to 10 mm whereas in the present study the zone of inhibition of Lactobacillus ranged between 10-12mm.

Table 1: Antibacterial activity of selenium nanoparticles

Concentration (μL)	Zone of inhibition (mm) against Lactobacillus sp	Zone of inhibition (mm) against E.coli
50	10.3±1.5	15.3±0.5
100	12.3±0.57	17.6±1.15
150	12.6±0.57	17.6±1.15
Antibiotic	30±1	34±0.5

Figure 1: Zone of inhibition with plant extract against a) Lactobacillus species

Figure 2: Antibacterial activity of selenium nanoparticle against Lactobacillus species and E.coli

CONCLUSION:

In the present study, Selenium nanoparticles extracted from Capparis decidua fruit are found to possess antibacterial activity against Lactobacillus species and E.coli. The results showed that Selenium nanoparticle possesses more antibacterial activity against E.coli when compared to Lactobacillus. Thus the property of selenium nanoparticles can be improved and used in treating diseases in medicine and healthcare. Further In vivo research can be done and may represent an alternative for treating bacterial infections.

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Received on 28.06.2020 Modified on 11.09.2020

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2021; 14(8):4452-4454.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00773